Graphite flakes (Branwell Graphite Limited, grade RFL 99.5) are added (6 g) to the PVA/H2O solution and sonicated for 48 h using a flat head probe sonic tip.
The far field wave form at sonic tip Mach number for a blade with a NACA 0012 airfoil section has a singularity of the inverse root type at its front and a logarithmic singularity near its end.
The aims of this study were to evaluate the removal of dentin debris from the root canal by sonic or ultrasonic activation of the irrigant and the physical mechanisms of sonic activation by visualizing the oscillations of the sonic tip, both inside and outside the confinement of the root canal.
In the present study, ultrasonic and sonic tips were operated at a distance of 5 mm from the tissue in all experiments, thus avoiding the cavitation effect.
For enzyme purification, the pellet (from 75 ml culture) was thawed on ice and resuspended in 4 ml phosphate buffer (50 mM NaH2PO4 and 300 mM NaCl, pH 8) before being sonicated 4 × 30 s on ice with a sonication tip (Vibra cell, Sonic and materials, Inc, output control set on 40).
Cells were incubated for 4 hr to ensure attachment and flattening of cells to the coated dish, washed with PHEM buffer (80 mM PIPES, 25 mM HEPES, 10 mM EGTA and 2 mM MgCl2 at pH 6.9) and sonicated with a probe tip sonicator (Vir Sonic Ultrasonic Cell Disruptor 100 setting 3) at an angle of 45°.
DPPC was prepared fresh for each experiment by sonicating 20 mg/ml DPPC in media on a narrow tip sonicator (550 Sonic Dismembrator, Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA) for two 45 second pulses (setting 3).
Different irrigation activation methods such as vibrating tips, sonic, and ultrasonic irrigation have been recommended to compensate for the limitations of a traditional syringe/needle delivery method (Happasalo et al. 2010; Mohammadi 2008; Baumgartner and Cuenin 1992).
At the same time, different irrigation activation methods such as vibrating tips, sonic, and ultrasonic irrigation have been recommended to enhance the efficiency of traditional syringe/needle delivery (Happasalo et al. 2010; Happasalo et al. 2014; Niu et al. 2014).
Aqueous suspensions of DOC-functionalized SWCNTs were prepared by adding SWCNTs (1 mg) to an aqueous DOC (2 wt.%) solution of 50 ml and sonicating the solution with a tip-type sonicator (Sonics Vibra cell VCX750; Sonics & Materials, Inc. Newtown, CT, USA) for 30 min, followed by the same centrifugation process.
