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electrokinetic sonic amplitude.
This phenomena is called the electrokinetic sonic amplitude or ESA effect.
Powerful tools like Haake rheometer and electrokinetic sonic amplitude (ESA) device (Matec, Applied Science, USA) [44] were applied.
The course of the pigment surface coating process was followed by the electrokinetic sonic amplitude (ESA) method.
Like other electroacoustic techniques [52, 53], the electroacoustic sonic amplitude "ESA" technique is well suited for studying the colloidal behavior of advanced ceramic materials and the evaluation of the electrokinetic properties of concentrated nanoparticle systems [12, 32, 44, 54 56].
The effect of anionic polyelectrolyte Dolapix CE64 concentration on the dispersion stability of two concentrated ZrO2 nanosuspensions (10 and 77 mass%) was studied in terms of direct characterization of rheological and electrokinetic properties by using a Haake rheometer and electroacoustic sonic amplitude ESA technique.
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The worm suspension was chilled immediately on ice and disrupted by sonication (Amplitude: 10%, pulse: 2 s with 5-s intervals for 20 cycles) (VCX400, Sonics and Materials, Danbury, CT, USA).
Cells were disrupted by sonication (Vibra-Cell, Sonics) at 80% amplitude for 3 min effective time (pulsed 4 s on, 4 s off), and cell debris was removed by centrifugation (49,000 × g, 20 min, 4 °C).
Following hypotonic lysis, the mixture was sonicated (Sonic Dismembrator, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) twice for five seconds at 20% amplitude (maximum intensity) to disrupt cell membranes and large cytoskeletal fragments.
Lysates were then sonicated at amplitude 10% in eleven cycles of 30 s, spaced out 15 s, using a Fisher Model 550 Sonic Dismembrator (Fisher, Pittsburgh, PA).
The resulting mixture emulsified via sonication at 20% amplitude for 20 s using a sonic dismembrator (Model 500; Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA, USA).
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