This type of inheritance has certain unique characteristics, which include the following: (1) There is no male-to-male (father-to-son) transmission, since sons will, by definition, inherit the Y rather than the X chromosome.
Shunning Europe's traditionalism -- the father-to-son transmission of experience at premier properties in Burgundy and Bordeaux -- as well as its history of splendid vintages and classified growths that would "define but also confine" winegrowers' efforts, Americans turned, unsurprisingly, to science and technology.
Likewise, mother-son transmission of epi-marks can result in the feminization of some traits that would normally develop in a more masculinized fashion.
Within a human Y-lineage, de novo deletion in the AZFc region was estimated at a rate of 1.1 × 10-5 to 1.4 × 10-4 per father-to-son transmission of the Y chromosome [ 34].
This has been described in mice for the Axin(Fu) allele, and epidemiological evidence (Pembrey et al, 2006) supports the view that epigenetic effects of smoking can be inherited thorough father-to-son transmission.
Note that mother-son transmission can be determined unambiguously without knowledge of the father's genotype but, for mother-daughter transmissions, the father's genotype must also be available in order to determine which of the daughter's two copies was received from the mother and hence how to score the maternal transmission.
Calculation of a one-df test follows that for the TDT, except that, to allow for X inactivation, mother-son transmissions should be given twice the weight given to mother-daughter transmissions [ 23].
However, multiple patterns of affection consistent with other modes of inheritance are regularly observed, including autosomal dominant (e.g., father and son) and X-linked (transmission through a female relative) inheritance.
We report a case of acute EV71 encephalitis in a mother and cases of HFMD in her 3 sons due to intrafamilial transmission of EV71.
In contrast with previous studies (Kantarci et al., 2006; Herrera et al., 2007), a significant difference in transmission from father to son compared with mother to son was found (P-value = 0.013).
