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If a woman contracts the viral disease German measles (rubella) during pregnancy, the virus may infect the fetus and alter its normal development, leading to some malformations, principally of the heart.
Some malformations (e.g., certain cardiovascular defects) are developmental rather than genetic in the strict sense of the word and can be corrected so that the length of life of such persons is extended.
Some malformations may be easily detected by macroscopic inspection of the brain others may be more discrete and need a more sophisticated approach including histopathological examinations by light microscopy and a quantitative analysis of the size of specific brain areas or numbers of neurons.
Riparbelli et al. have described some malformations, including abnormal mitochondria and axoneme in the sperm developed within the infected testes [7].
Limitations were that some malformations may not have been detected, causing a theoretical selection bias, and that time trends may have influenced the outcome.
Some malformations, such as those of the genital organs and the circulatory systems, may be misclassified or under-ascertained before discharge from the birth clinic [ 35, 39, 40].
Similar(47)
Some vaginal and some cervical malformations (aplasia, double cervices, longitudinal septa reaching to the external cervical os) can be diagnosed objectively by inspection.
Alone, this may not be serious; in some heart malformations it is even necessary for life.
Although many antidepressants appear to be fairly safe, studies have reported links between maternal use and a small increased risk of some fetal malformations.
Some vertebral malformations predispose the affected individual to trauma or myelopathy.
Although some cortical malformations result from environmental insults during cortical development in utero, genetic factors are increasingly recognized as primary pathogenic factors across the entire spectrum of malformations.
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