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Fish population dynamics are implemented in an individual-based model (e.g., DeAngelis and Mooij 2005), in which each brook charr i is characterized by its PMRN traits, sex S, and somatic mass W. Somatic mass is divided into irreversible mass and reversible mass.
Growth rate is indeed influenced by at least three different life-history traits (Heino et al. 2008): (i) growth capacity, i.e. the ability of fish to transform energy intake into body mass, (ii) the maturation schedule, and (iii) the reproductive investment, i.e. the ratio of gonad mass to somatic mass.
Immediately following maturation, individuals devoted a proportion of energy to reproductive tissues, so that the body length l a +1 at age a + 1 was given by 2 where GSI was the gonado-somatic index (gonadic mass divided by somatic mass) estimated for anadromous females.
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Gonad and somatic tissue mass data were obtained from the literature for 656 species (Table S1).
We validated these mutations as somatic by mass spectrometric genotyping of the tumour and matched normal DNA, after an independent PCR amplification.
Superroot of Lotus corniculatus is a continuous root cloning system allowing direct somatic embryogenesis and mass regeneration of plants.
This system allows continuous root cloning, direct somatic embryogenesis and mass regeneration of plants without addition of exogenous plant growth regulators [ 13, 14].
The following variables were included as potential confounders: age, gender, education, health behaviors, body mass index, somatic diagnoses, somatic symptoms, musculoskeletal pain, mental disorders, obstructive sleep apnea, sleep medication use, and sleep duration (entered as a 5-class categorical variable).
In a second patient, a rib mass shared somatic copy number gains and losses with the primary tumor.
Embryonal suspensor masses and somatic embryos were also used for analyses.
In a comparative analysis, the gonadosomatic index could still function as useful index of reproductive effort if different species had equal rates of allocation to given masses of somatic and reproductive tissues.
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