PI was used in combination with the following keywords in the ERIC, Web of Science, and Google Scholars databases: learning gains, retention, flash cards, clickers, personal response system, problem solving, concept inventory, concept test, voting, histogram, and peer discussion.
In addition, this knowledge is assessed at three process levels: problem-solving, concepts, and skills.
Progress in drill and practice learning is more a matter of recognition and recall than problem solving and concept development.
In each exercise, half of the students were provided two problems as examples solved through concepts or formulae learned in the lecture classes.
The MDI rates the child's cognitive ability in a number of areas, including memory, habituation, problem solving, early number concepts, generalization, classification, vocalizations, language, and social skills.
Scaffolding involves assisting learners in understanding concepts, solving problems or achieving goals that would have been beyond their abilities without guidance [ 20].
The items of the MDI comprise memory, habituation, problem solving, first number concepts, generalization, classification, vocalizations, language, and social skills (Bayley 1993).
The Mental Scale of BSID_II test includes items that assess memory, habituation, problem solving, early number concepts, generalization, classification, vocalization, language, and social skills [ 2].
13 16 These programmes share a patient-centred approach and partnership, self-awareness and self-motivation, self-care or self-management, problem solving and reflection concepts.
