Alternatively, they might have thought that understanding of the literal meaning would suffice to solve the items.
Finally, since items referred to contextual stimuli, which were presented in textual formats, reading ability can be regarded as another, shared demand of solving the items.
Thus, a computer simulation entails a certain degree of risk, because the information needed to solve the items is not always visible at a glance.
Consequently, as a result of their cognitive maturity, older children could be more wellversed to interpret and solve the items posed.
Sketch (yes, no): This feature includes both sketches contained in the item formulations, which have to be read, interpreted, and/or understood for correctly solving the items or sketches as part of the respondents' answers.
The consistency with which a student can solve the items that address movement in response to forces across different problem contexts is assumed to reflect the student's degree of conceptual understanding in Newtonian mechanics.
There is a formula which a typical student would use in solving the item.
The two categories in this dichotomy are (i) the set of items for which knowledge of some mathematical theorem is helpful for solving the item, and (ii) the set of items where it is not.
This paper discusses a framework for analyzing the dependence on mathematical theory in test items, that is, a framework for discussing to what extent knowledge of mathematical theory is helpful for the student in solving the item.
In PISA 2012, only 11.8% of the mathematics items are found to be such that some mathematical theorem which the student can typically be assumed to know about, is helping the student in solving the item.
