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The nonlinear equations of motion are solved by averaging approaches of the Krylov Bogoliubov type.
This is solved by averaging both sides of the equation with respect to space, to give < R∗> = α< S>/(1− β) and is of course valid only when β is clearly less than 1.
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Such approach allows that image segmentation becomes a weighted graph partitioning problem that is solved by average cuts of normalized affinity.
(A ) Isosurface representation of the inner coat on tubular membranes solved by sub-tomogram averaging.
The problem is solved by sample average approximation (SAA) algorithm.
(A ) Isosurface representation of the outer coat vertex solved by sub-tomogram averaging of tubular membranes.
Each feasible toll-charge function is evaluated by a probit-based SUE (Stochastic User Equilibrium) problem with elastic demand, asymmetric link travel time functions, and continuously distributed VOT, solved by a convergent Cost Averaging (CA) method.
The population balance model for disintegration leads to a system of integro-partial differential equations which is numerically solved by the cell average technique.
The problem of autocorrelation (i.e. the data are not independent) can be solved by using the average of the data in each treatment period instead of all individual data [ 4], while non-parametric tests can be applied to tackle violations of the normality assumption.
The continuous flow field was solved by steady-state time averaged conservation equations of mass and momentum along with RNG- model for turbulence.
The turbulent, steady, 2-D axi-symmetric flow inside an axi-symmetric abrupt contraction pipe with a pipe protrusion embedded in it was solved by steady-state time averaged conservation equations of mass and momentum along with two equation model for turbulence.
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