After the mixture became a clear solution under reflux, Fmoc N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (Fmoc-OSu; 1.68 g, 5 mmol) in dioxane (50 mL) was added dropwise over 20 min. The reflux was kept overnight.
Stock solutions of CS extract were prepared by boiling weighed amounts of dried and ground leaves of CS in 1 M HCl and 0.5 M H2SO4 solutions, respectively, under reflux for 3 h.
Stock solutions of RL extract were prepared by boiling weighed amounts of the dried and ground leaves of RL in 1 M HCl and 0.5 M H2SO4 solutions, respectively under reflux for 3 h.
Galvanic replacement reaction between HAuCl4 and silver colloid was adopted to prepare HGNs in an aqueous solution under refluxing condition.
The solutions were homogenized under reflux at 343 K for 5 h while being stirred in a vial.
This solution was slowly added to the Zn2+ and Cd2+ solution under a reflux condenser at 50°C for 1 h.
SiO2 was leached out in 10 M KOH solution under a reflux at 110 °C for 48 h.
The reaction solution was stirred under reflux for 24 h.
The greenbrown solution was heated under reflux for 5 h.
The solution was heated under reflux for 5 h, cooled, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
