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Table 1 Cluster types and associated solution values Solution value Cluster type Name > = 1 Cluster of high value Hot spot 0 Outside of cluster <=-1 Cluster of low value Cold spot.
This acidity is expressed in terms of the pH of a solution, values exceeding 7 representing alkalinity and less than 7 acidity.
Put the student's solution values into an array.
Addressing the second stage, solution values are presented in Table4.
These terms allow to control global perimeter constraint and the occurrence of the intermediate solution values.
z = reference the row number in the evaluation matrix, m= number of student solution values.
Further, Table2 presents problem characteristics and solution values of its linear relaxation.
Candidate solutions are created by perturbing the current solution values in the randomly selected dimensions only.
We report the best and worst solution values in 20 runs.
The approximate solution values and the corresponding absolute errors are shown in Table 5.
After the boundary solution, values of the displacement and forces at column centers are also calculated.
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