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where c is the cell constant, and R s is the solution resistance at 60 KHz measured by EIS.
Meanwhile the electrolyte solution resistance is likely to keep stable.
The solution resistance increase is particularly striking in an LIB stored at 50 °C.
As known, the solution resistance Rs is independent of overpotential of HER, while the charge transfer resistance Rct determines the electrocatalytic kinetics of HER.
All activity measurements were iR compensated for the solution resistance at 1,600 r.p.m., using a 5-mV s−1 scan rate in a potentiodynamic positive-going sweep.
The voltage equation includes the electrode potential, the membrane potential, the solution resistance and the membrane resistance.
The removal of the solution resistance improves the above polarization characteristics to a large extent.
It was found that the techniques are limited by the uncompensated solution resistance to τr ⩽ 0.2τc.
Extent of distortions is found inversely proportional to the solution resistance term.
Uncompensated solution resistance correction is also included in our theory to account for realistic experimental conditions.
Compared with GDF and CC (Fig. 5g and Supplementary Table 6), the smaller solution resistance (Rs) and charge-transfer resistance (Rct) of Fe/GD and Ni/GD indicate the improved charge-transfer behavior over the catalyst interface8.
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