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Dr Charlie Bavington, from GlycoMar, a marine biotechnology company based at the Scottish Association for Marine Science in Oban, explained: "Starfish live in the sea, and are bathed in a solution of bacteria, larvae, viruses and all sorts of things that are looking for somewhere to live.
By qRT-PCR, the concentration of the stock solution of bacteria was determined and adjusted to 5×107/ml.
In survival experiments, batches of 20 25 wild-type and mutant flies were challenged by septic injury using a needle previously dipped into a concentrated solution of bacteria.
The bacteria were harvested at d 4 of incubation, transferred to a test tube containing 1 mL of 0.4 % NaCl, and vortexed for 30 s giving a stock solution of bacteria.
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It is important to note that we have performed the measurements with freshly grown and freshly prepared solutions of bacteria, in order to be sure that we are handling bacteria in a living state.
While the solution density of bacteria in the pyrite and lipid/pyrite system is similar [compare Figure 4b (Exp. 1) to Figure 3b (Exp.
Since, the solution concentration of bacteria is within about 15% for both these systems, it is difficult to attribute the difference in oxidation rate entirely to differences in the concentration of this fraction of bacteria.
First, the solution concentration of bacteria in the bacteria/pyrite system after the 20-day period is approximately 15% higher than in the bacteria/lipid/pyrite system (4.8 × 107compared to 4.1 × 107 cells/ml, respectively).
After a slight decrease in bacterial density in the bacteria/lipid/pyrite treatment over the initial 5 days (most evident in Figure 3b), there is an increase in the solution concentration of bacteria and a decrease in the surface-bound fraction (Figure 3a and 3b).
In the infection solution amount of bacteria was adjusted to 1 × 10 cfu/ml.
Another study was conducted by Abdullah et al. (2013) who determined the effects of using a solution of mixed bacteria of Bacillus sp., Clostridium sp., Pseudomonas sp., Aspergillus sp., Cellulomonas sp., Chaetomium sp., Penicillium sp. and Trichoderma sp. as starter culture on kitchen-waste composting consisting of vegetable scraps and fish processing waste in an in-vessel system.
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