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From the adjacent electrode pairs, the water content of the solids is estimated based on the correlation between the moisture content and the permittivity value.
TDS (total dissolved solids) is estimated empirically from EC values as follows: {rm{TDS}}; {rm (mg/L)} = 0.67 times {rm{Conductivity}}; (upmu{rm{S/cm}}).
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The total pore volume (V p ) of the solids was estimated from the amount of nitrogen adsorbed at a relative pressure of 0.99, assuming that the density of the nitrogen condensed in the pores is equal to that of liquid nitrogen at −196 °C, i.e. 0.81 g cm−3 [42].
The level of aromatic compounds in these solids was estimated by UV spectroscopy.
The composition of the IL-CS residual solids was estimated based on the standard NREL LAP protocol discussed above.
The composition of the DA-CS residual solids was estimated based on the standard NREL LAP protocol discussed above.
After mechanical dewatering of the solid fraction, a realistic LHV of the solid fraction is estimated at 5 MJ/kg (wet basis) assuming that 50% moisture in the fuel will remain for a process at industrial scale.
Total cost of energy for biomass cultivation and harvesting, when sedimentation is combined with centrifugation to achieve 25% solid content, is estimated to be $176 and $256 per mton in gravity fed systems and raceways, respectively.
The generation of these solid wastes is estimated to be in the range of 15 to 25 million tons per year [ 3].
Indeed, the risk of reactivation among patients with solid tumors is estimated to be approximately 15% [ 27]; however, these data were derived in an HBV-endemic area.
This is particularly important because the number of proliferating cells in human solid tumors is estimated being only about 6% [ 8].
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com