The rule base representation in Fig. 3 indicate that the probable value of FIS1 is 1.73 for the respective average concentrations/value of Alkalinity, Dissolved Solids, Hardness, and pH are 400, 1,000, 600 mg/l and 7.
The structure of the model reveals that first fuzzy model (FIS1) has four input parameters (Alkalinity, Dissolved Solids, Hardness and pH), and second model (FIS2) has also four input parameters (Ca, Mg, Fe, and As) whereas third model (FIS3) has three input parameters (sulphate, nitrate and fluoride).
The treated water is also safe for drinking with regard to its total dissolved solids, hardness, iron and manganese content.
The groundwater quality for drinking was compromised with respect to dissolved solids, hardness, magnesium ions, and dissolved iron.
Further, suitable treatment of groundwater may be targeted to improve water quality especially for dissolved solids, hardness, magnesium ions, and dissolved iron for use in drinking.
Twenty groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, hardness, major anions (CO32−, HCO3−, Cl−, SO42−, F−) and cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Na+, K+).
Table 3 Rule base for FIS 1 Rule Alkalinity pH Dissolved Solids Hardness FIS1 1 Low Low Low Low EL 2 Low Low Low Moderate VVL 3 Low Low Moderate Low VL ……………………….
The high value of WQI at these stations has been found to be mainly from the higher values of iron, total dissolved solids, hardness, fluorides, bicarbonate in the groundwater.
All the samples were analyzed for various physicochemical parameters according to standard methods of analysis, these includes pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, and total alkalinity, major cations such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Fe2+, major anions such as HCO3 −, NO3 −, Cl−, and SO4 2− and heavy metals such as Mn, Zn, Cu, As, Cd and Pb.
A rough surface is one that is solid, has hardness, and a certain uneven shape.
The distributions of the microstructure and mechanical properties, such as the solid fraction, hardness, and deformation resistance, of samples manufactured under various experimental conditions were investigated.
