Bloating and fullness have been associated with diabetic gastroparesis, whereas other upper gastrointestinal symptoms were found to be correlated weakly with solids emptying, and not at all with liquid emptying [ 9].
We observed that the particular symptom of vomiting was significantly associated with delayed solid emptying.
Solid emptying was expressed as percentage remaining in the stomach at 100 min (T100min), and liquid emptying as 50% emptying time (T50%).
Although the cause for these findings is not apparent in this study, the more prominent delay in liquid rather than solid emptying may point to a central rather than a peripheral aetiology.
The major abnormality shown is a delay in the emptying of the liquid phase in 23/32 72% of the patients, whereas 12/32 (38%) of solid emptying was delayed compared with the historic controls (t comparison of means, figs 2 and 3, group p ≪ 0.005).
As a function of frequency for EG/Fe2O3 nanofluids at 1% strain: (solid circle, empty circle) 5 wt.%; (solid inverted triangle, empty inverted triangle) 10 wt.%; (solid square, empty square) 15 wt.%, (solid diamond, empty diamond) 20 wt.% and (solid triangle, empty triangle) 25 wt.%.
As a function of strain at 10 rad/s and 303.15 K for different concentrations: (solid circle, empty circle) 5 wt.%, (solid inverted triangle, empty inverted triangle) 10 wt.%, (solid square, empty square) 15 wt.%, (solid diamond, empty diamond) 20 wt.% and (solid triangle, empty triangle) 25 wt.%. Figure 3 Shear stress as function of strain at 10 rad s -1 for different concentrations.
In the acoustic study, which comprised only theoretical modelling, discrimination of differing cargo widths and between solid versus empty cargo trailers was possible using the transmission coefficient.
Discharge flow patterns were elaborated with tracer objects in the majority of experiments and the composition of the bulk solids during emptying was determined by sampling across the entire discharge stream.
The maximum digestion time of 4 h was selected to cover residence time for gastric exposure as most solids are emptied within 4 5 h.
