Applications include statistical thermodynamics, quantum systems, heat capacities of gases and solids, chemical equilibrium, pair correlation functions in liquids, and phase transitions.
While the removal of total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, and total phosphorus were not affected by the incorporation of drainage periods, the efficiency of total nitrogen removal significantly increased with increased number of drainage periods.
The primary-treated spentwash has high suspended/dissolved solids, chemical oxygen demand (COD) (32,800 43,200 mg L−1), and biological oxygen demand (BOD) (12,472 17,576 mg L−1) (Ghosh et al. 2004).
To enhance the thrust performance of the PPT, we propose to use several combustible solid chemicals as coaxial PPT propellants to replace Teflon® (Polytetrafluoroethylene: PTFE).
The thermal properties and ice melting performance of solid chemicals and liquid deicers were also tested in the laboratory, and the effect of blending two chloride deicer solutions with or without an agro-based product was explored.
This study investigated the baseline performance data of typical chloride deicers used on highways, by conducting the Modified SHRP (Strategic Highway Research Program) Ice Melting Test of select solid chemicals and liquid deicers at − 1 °C (30 °F), − 9 °C (15 °F), and − 18 °C (0 °F), respectively.
All solvents and solid chemicals were dried by standard methods.
Ethanol and all other solid chemicals were purchased from VWR International (Amsterdam, The Netherlands).
All solid chemicals were dried at <10−3 mbar for at least 5 h to remove H2O.
All organic solvents used were of Fisher optima grade (Fisher Scientific, Hampton, NH), and the solid chemicals were of analytical reagent grade.
