Alleles for intermediate solicitation levels (x2 x4) and intermediate sensitivity levels (a2−a4) were chosen to be evenly distributed between the minimum and maximum values.
Frequencies of female appetitive (hops/darts, solicitations, level changes) and consummatory (lordosis quotient and magnitude) sexual behaviors as well as the number of defensive behaviors towards males were scored.
Each offspring genotype xi expressed a different level of solicitation, the lowest (x1) always being "no solicitation"; similarly, each parental genotype aj expressed a different level of sensitivity to solicitation, the lowest (a1) always being "no sensitivity".
Differential selection on these two components of provided PI depends on the level of solicitation expressed in the offspring stage of generation t+1.
We focused on the directional selection driving antagonistic co-adaptation in terms of evolving population mean levels of offspring solicitation and parental provisioning.
over time (second half of the simulations = 250 generations) between the evolving PI-level and the evolving solicitation and sensitivity allele-frequencies.
The first prediction was tested in simulations where the parental allele was fixed at different levels of sensitivity (a1−a5), and the solicitation locus was allowed to evolve and adapt to the fixed parental sensitivity.
Reasons for this may include heightened symptom reporting (and solicitation) due to perceived study risk profile, lower levels of preexisting immunity, or the relatively high exposure dose used in this artificial setting.
In order to compare these high-level integration discourses against patterns at the level of resource allocation, we analyze nearly 2500 research solicitations from the three European Framework Programmes for R&D during the period 1998 2010.
