Lettuce chlorosis virus (LCV) is a single stranded, positive strand RNA virus that is solely transmitted by specific whitefly vectors (Bemisia tabaci biotypes A and B) but not by mechanical leaf-rub inoculation.
The survey also concentrated on the zoonotic transmission of pathogens at key human-animal interfaces and did not specifically focus on other pathogen transmission routes in ecosystems which are extremely important from a One Health perspective, such as anthroponoses and pathogens solely transmitted in non-human animals.
Simulations indicate that, within this zone, coexistence of solely vertically transmitted feminisers with horizontally transmitted mutants can occur.
In large populations where the virulence cost of horizontal transmission is low, a narrow zone exists in which a horizontally transmitted mutant can exclude the original, solely vertically transmitted parasite.
In small host populations, the model predicts that a solely vertically transmitted feminizing parasite can exclude any horizontally transmitted mutant as long as there is a significant cost to horizontal transmission in terms of virulence.
This allowed the model to be used to investigate conditions under which a population containing a solely vertically transmitted parasite could be invaded by a horizontally transmitted mutant.
Competitive exclusion of one parasite by another has been demonstrated analytically in simpler models where both parasites are solely vertically transmitted (β1 = β2 = 0) [ 44] or both parasites are solely horizontally transmitted (ε1 = ε2 = 0) [ 56].
I once flushed an entire family of goldfish down the toilet to avoid cleaning their tank relying solely on transmitting vibes and trading dream catchers for a can of lima beans just wouldn't work in my favor.
These elements are of interest for their potential for horizontal transmission, as well as their ability to shed light on phylogenies of their host organisms when solely vertically transmitted.
If a vertically transmitted symbiont is transmitted solely by females, then anything less than perfect transmission is expected to lead to a decline in prevalence and ultimately extinction (L'H eritier 1970).
The long assumed view was that, at fertilization, sperm transmits solely its DNA to the oocyte, which has all the components necessary for early embryonic development.
