A preliminary Behavioral Communication Profile is drafted, informed solely by observable discernable behaviours.
The reliability of any propensity score matching estimate is dependent upon the Conditional Independence Assumption (CIA) being met, i.e. that selection to the treatment is based solely on observables within the dataset and that all variables that simultaneously impact both the treatment and outcome variable are also observed.
Nevertheless, PSM works only if selection is solely based on observable characteristics and potential outcomes are independent of treatment assignment.
This assumption implies that the selection is solely based on observable characteristics, and variables that influence treatment assignment (adaptation decision is made by the household) and potential outcomes (food security) are simultaneously observed (Getachew et al. 2011b).
Cooperation can be based solely on these observable tags without the need of reputation or prior interactions (as is assumed in the framework of indirect reciprocity [13]).
Second, our propensity score matching approaches rely on the assumption that the decision either to report under German GAAP or to voluntary adopt the German Accounting Law Modernization Act is solely determined by observables.
Antirealists may acknowledge that a great deal of language, perhaps even all of it, is theory-laden but claim that this does not require acceptance of the theories with which it is infected; nor does it entail that statements involving theory-infected terms (e.g., "The Geiger counter is reading 7.3") cannot be true solely in virtue of observable matters.
Where Hooper et al. present evidence on the effectiveness of flavonoid-rich food, it is unclear whether the flavonoids themselves solely or partially cause the observable effects, or whether other bioactive components are responsible for the same [ 34].
Only the latter is observable.
Through consulting multiple individuals, opposed to focusing solely on statements from top managers or observable outputs on the firm level, we uncover a broad set of "hidden values" from this technology foresight initiative.
