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Analysis of raw material cost component for pullulan production suggested that sole utilization of agri-residues may lead to development of cost effective process for pullulan production.
The sole utilization of mtDNA, typical of these recent studies, is problematic in that such data do not address the lack of independence of substitutions among nucleotide positions and ignores the potential discord between gene trees and species trees [31], [32], [33].
Moreover, the total substrate uptake rate is increased in simulations for sole utilization of acetoacetate and in combined utilization of acetate and glucose.
We found utilization of substrate combinations with a mixture of all investigated substrate more efficient compared to sole utilization of single substrates.
A well-known phenomenon among bacteria is the sole utilization of the most favored carbon source (e.g., glucose, fructose or malate) over other sugars present in the environment.
The data, summarized in Table 4, shows that sole utilization of acetoacetate is less efficient than glucose or oleate oxidation, but seems to achieve more favourable oxygen and substrate uptake rates than acetate and lactate.
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Once all three ancestral core models were validated through comparison to experimental data for determining accuracy of in silico carbon source utilization using FBA, predictions were generated for utilization of sole nitrogen, phosphorous, iron, and sulfur compounds.
Acid production from various carbohydrates was done following Hinz et al. [ 23] and utilization of sole carbon, nitrogen, and amino acids was done according to Gutnick et al. [ 24] while growth in various media, different temperatures, and pH as well as testing of antibiotic resistance and susceptibility were done in accordance with standard procedures as follows.
Following incubation, the utilization of the sole substrates was measured spectrophotometrically at 595 nm, using a FLUOstar OPTIMA plate reader (BMG Labtech).
When utilization of the sole carbon source in the medium is repressed, growth is inhibited and CCR can be detected by monitoring the culture optical density [ 23].
Although the overexpression of ptsG did not affect the carbon source utilization of a sole carbohydrate, such as fructose, glucose, or sucrose, the efficiency of glucose utilization was restored in flask cultivations with a mixture of sugars (Figs. 2, 3f).
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