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Sole application of manure resulted in significantly (p < 0.05) higher net CO2-C efflux than that from sole application of biochar.
Sole application of mineral fertilizers brought relatively lower revenue to farmers compared to integration with organic amendments.
The effect of sole application of biochar and manure on total CO2-C efflux are shown in Fig. 1a.
Sole application of manure (M13B0 and M26B0) significantly (p < 0.05) increased the total CO2-C efflux up to 1.9 and 2.2 times compared to the control (Fig. 1a).
Technological innovations and developments have attracted considerable interest, but the sole application of such measures could not achieve substantial reductions of emissions by 2050 [37].
The highest GY (2,475.28 kg ha−1) at Haramaya site was obtained from sole application of 100 kg N ha−1.
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All sole applications of manure and biochar resulted in positive NNM, whereas combined applications resulted in negative N mineralization or N immobilization (Table 4).
Combined application of manure and biochar resulted in decreased mineralization of SOC (negative priming effect, Fig. 2) relative to the sum of the sole applications of manure and biochar.
Yields, yield-related components and grain protein concentration of malting barley were greater with all combined organic and mineral amendments than sole applications of either compost or FYM or integration of both (Table 6).
Although sole applications of biochar also resulted in priming of SOC, the calculated positive priming effect of 41 and 76%, corresponding to additional 122 and 225 mg SOC g−1 soil mineralization, respectively for 20 and 40 tons ha−1 biochar rates were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than those for the manure treatments.
Further work is needed to determine whether combined application of N with Bradyrhizobium or/and their sole application can improve the peanut productivity in the study site.
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