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The soil load (wc) in Spangler's equation was obtained in accordance with Eq. (2).
As a general trend, deeper installation depths increased the effect of soil load and decreased the effect of the surface load on underground pipelines.
Though montmorillonite has the worst effect on soil load bearing capacity but kaolinite and illite which are the major clay minerals observed in the study area also have serious effect on the soil load bearing capacity especially under the condition on which they occur that is having high water saturation.
The soil load in the Iowa Formula can be determined using the definition of the soil column load on the underground flexible pipe developed by Marston and Anderson (1913) and shown in Eq. (2).
According to the theory of incremental method [10, 11], there will be three parts of incremental loads acting on the retaining wall at each step including the incremental soil load, the incremental spring load, and the support prestressing load.
Cover crops decreased the preconsolidation pressure of constructed soils after coal mining and the greatest soil reclamation was obtained with the H. altissima cover crop, where the lowest degree of soil compactness and soil load capacity were observed.
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Ivan Nikolaevich Zhykhov Chemical engineer We dug up the diseased top layer of soil, loaded it into cars and took it to waste burial sites.
Results also showed that an increase in moisture content resulted in an increase in soil loading on the pipeline.
Equation (1) has been also recommended by the American Lifeline Alliance [3] and Honegger and Nyman [18] to calculate axial soil loads on buried pipe in granular material.
Overall, the fluid loading has a greater effect on the propagation wavespeed compared with the soil loading: for metal pipes, the effect of soil loading is negligible; for plastic pipes, however, simply neglecting the effect of soil loading can lead to a considerable underestimation in the calculation of the wavespeed.
On the contrary, for tunnels where the lining is designed to bear the soil loads, numerical tools should be used for the rational assessment of their seismic response.
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