In areas with soil limitations deforestation resulted in relatively stable, highly fragmented landscapes.
Fig. 4 Roman numbers indicate the classes of land capability classification (LCC), which depend on soil limitations to various uses (source Regione Piemonte).
Considering these variable responses, fire only altered the physical structure of these fire-tolerant shrubs for a relatively short period, typically less than four years, and these shrubs regenerated at different rates depending on climate and soil limitations (Olson and Platt [1995]; Iwasa and Kubo [1997]).
Detection of fecal contamination in soil is more difficult to achieve due to the heterogeneity of soil, limitation in sample collection, and DNA extraction, since only a small fraction (0.5 g in this study) of soil was subjected to DNA extraction and PCR amplification.
With regard to the soil induced limitations to crop production, unfavorable textural properties prevail, except for terrain components on gabbro or basaltic parent material.
Native vegetation is adapted to soil water limitations and is highly effective in extracting soil moisture, e.g., due to a spatially extensive and/or deep rooting system (Stonestrom and Harril 2007; Keese et al. 2005; Scanlon et al. 2005).
Overall, there were no soil fertility limitations within the watershed based on an average pH of 6.96 and extractable P and K levels of 36 and 162 mg kg−1, respectively.
However, mesophication trends during the last century have also been attributed to recent increases in precipitation based on evidence of soil moisture limitations on tree establishment, growth, and survival, as well as consistent changes among historic climate and species composition (Pederson et al. 2015).
Since spruce is located in the northern part of the province, where water evaporation is low [21], and the species occurs mostly on sites with no or minimum soil moisture limitations in western North America [38], [39], additional water input may reduce growth.
To address soil fertility limitations, each kilogram of soil received 0.19 g of Osmocote® (Scotts Australia Pty Ltd), 0.13 g of triple super phosphate (21%% P, 1 % S) and 0.08 g of muriate of potash (50%% K).
Rising CO2 concentrations will likely increase tree growth rates and carbon sequestration through a fertilization effects in the short term, but increases may decline subsequently due to soil nutrient limitations (Millard et al. 2007).
