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The development of real time and continuous sensing systems for soil properties provides a valuable tool to obtain inexpensive and rapid information about the soil current status and future management of soil in the context of precision agriculture.
Although the actual level of exposure to the neonicotinoids is debated and may be influenced by accumulation in the soil, current estimates suggest that 1 5 ppb is the most likely exposure rate for imidacloprid, clothianidin and thiamethoxam in plant nectar and pollen.
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In this paper, in order to investigate the characteristics of the frequency-dependent grounding impedances of counterpoises installed in the two-layered soils, the ground current dissipation rates in each 10 m section of the counterpoises were measured and analyzed as functions of the length of grounding electrodes and the current injection point.
Jenny's model can be used to make judgments about soils based on current soil formation factors, whereas Johnson and Watson-Stegner's model is a two-pathway evolutionary model that for any interpretation, it requires the morphological characteristics of pedons.
Biota resident in the upper 0 10 cm of the soil reflected current management practice, whereas those at greater soil depth reflected instead management history and soil properties.
In environments featured by gradual increase in temperature and decrease in soil moisture, current photosynthesis during grain filling declines and the remobilization of stored non-structural carbohydrates becomes particularly important for grain filling (Blum 1998).
Plant communities were classified using TWINSPAN and the effects of environmental factors (soil, topography, current management and habitat continuity) were analysed by canonical correspondence analysis and regression analysis reducing for the effects of spatial autocorrelation by using principal coordinates of neighbour matrices.
Indeed, without accounting for soil variation, current algorithms such as NASA's MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products perform well when compared with direct estimates of NPP (Zhao et al. 2005), and while such estimates contain error they do not overestimate tropical NPP (Turner et al. 2006; Gillman et al. 2014).
An important contextual factor in this study is the difference in site histories, soils and current management strategies applied between our two study sites (Table 1).
Most of those changes are hidden, such as seasonal wetness in soils and currents that transport deep, cold seawater.
Most current soil organic matter (SOM) models represent the soil as a bulk without specification of the vertical distribution of SOM in the soil profile.
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