To assess if the geochemical reactivity and human bioaccessibility of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in soils can be determined by routine soil tests commonly applied to other metals in soil, colloidal Ag was introduced to five pots containing urban soils (equivalent to 6.8 mg Ag kg−1 soil).
Soil strength can be determined by its soil bearing capacity.
Sediment transport and soil erosion can be determined by a variety of field and modelling approaches.
It is shown that the worst combination of uncertain soil parameters can be determined and this information certainly upgrades the robustness of the structure pile soil system.
Since soil salinity distributions in Aridisols and Alfisols appeared to be spatially independent within the distance of fairways, soil sampling adequacy can be determined by the conventional probability statistics.
The modified cross-section racking deformation (MCSRD) method can accurately derive the vulnerability and the deformation of underground structures resulting from different magnitudes of earthquakes; while the nonlinear soil-structure interaction can be determined by numerical calculation.
The soil load in the Iowa Formula can be determined using the definition of the soil column load on the underground flexible pipe developed by Marston and Anderson (1913) and shown in Eq. (2).
Soil reaction and degree of fertility can be determined by chemical analysis.
Soil shear strength parameters, c and φ, can be determined by the use of laboratory tests and in situ testing data.
