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Retention of the larval anchoring byssus into adult life has freed many bivalves from soft substrates, allowing them to colonize hard surfaces.
In relatively soft substrates, such as soil, burrowers tend to be limbless (lizards, snakes) or equipped with powerful forelimbs (moles, badgers, mole crickets).
However, TGF-β increased chondrogenic marker expression and suppressed adipogenic marker expression on soft substrates, while adipogenic medium and soft substrates induced adipogenic differentiation effectively.
Even on soft substrates, culturing hLSECs in an inflamed microenvironment can result in their dedifferentiation.
This provided a wide range of conditions to study the model predictions, using soft substrates.
A similar effect is observed on soft substrates (50 kPa) without need of histone deacetylase inhibition.
These new results suggest that on soft substrates cells might enter in a quiescence state.
On very soft substrates (≪10 kPa) this is accompanied by cell lysis.
Nevertheless, their tribological performance can be greatly reduced on soft substrates such as titanium alloys.
On the other hand, the wear resistance could be increased considerably by use of soft substrates.
Especially, among these advantages, low growth temperature is the most attractive one, which makes this technology possible on soft substrates.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com