The percentage of patients treated in the most deprived group in the trial was slightly lower than the comparable group of colorectal cancer patients in the general population, but the socioeconomic distribution of AXIS trial patients was still weighted toward the more deprived groups.
Introducing his workshop for educators, Doug Lemov showed a scatter graph, plotting achievement in maths, on the horizontal axis, against socioeconomic status on the vertical axis.
Social context was proxied by mother's level of education, which represents a major axis of socioeconomic advantage.
In the AXIS trial, however, the socioeconomic distribution of patients was unknown at randomisation.
Similar perturbations in the HPA axis associated with low socioeconomic status and leading to visceral obesity have been reported in humans (22).
Other covariates obtained included race, military rank, socioeconomic factors (level of education, marital status), and Axis I and Axis II psychological conditions.
The CI is directly related to the concentration curve, which plots the cumulative percentage of the health care utilization variable (on the y-axis) and the cumulative percentage of socioeconomic variables ranked from poorest to richest (on the x-axis).
To observe geographical effects, Germany's federal states were sorted into groups along a North South and a West East axis (table 2), as there are socioeconomic differences between these regions.
Life stress events, poor family functioning, low socioeconomic status, sleep disturbances, depression and anxiety potentially alter the function of the HPA axis leading to altered pain processing and increased stress sensitivity [ 16].
The HPA axis is sensitive to both physical factors such as alcohol and smoking, and psychosocial and socioeconomic factors such as divorce, unemployment, work-related stress, poor education, and poverty.
