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Inter- and transdisciplinarity is an essential research approach to address complex sustainability problems from a "science with society" perspective instead of the traditional approach of "science for society".
Most of the literature on this phenomenon, often referred to as slow-steaming, takes the perspective of the shipping lines addressing technical, operational and financial effects, or a society perspective focusing on lower emissions and energy use.
It also relates to a more contemporary understanding of transport (studies) where a shift "from a primary focus on technology fix to a 'transport in society' perspective" has taken place for quite some time [10, p. 29].
The economic evaluation will be performed from a society perspective.
The evaluation was carried out under a society perspective.
Cost analysis was performed from the society perspective.
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A cost-effectiveness analysis model was used from the health care system and society perspectives.
Here, the Scottish Government is invoking both client/consumer (individual) and citizen/community (for the good of society), perspectives [ 21, 24].
2. Euroqol 5 D [ 32] as a measure of quality of life and costs from health and social care and society perspectives measured at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months.
Its underlying biology-to-society perspective considers insects as the initial Pressure, spraying insecticides as adequate Response and yield protection as result.
From a whole-of-society perspective, perhaps the most radical consequence of the renewable energy transition would be the plummeting marginal cost of energy – wind and solar energy are in principle free, once their fixed costs have been covered [35].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com