The current societal and professional context presents a variety of ethical challenges to decision makers.
Good quality evidence on contributory environmental factors such as seeing aggression on television and in video games is relatively lacking, although societal and professional concerns are high.
23 Therefore, it is very important to assess and analyse the factors that promote and hinder changes in lifestyle at the societal, institutional, professional and patient levels, which are likely to be different in different parts of the world.
Past work shows that public reporting may improve performance [ 6, 10, 13- 15], as it has the potential to "improve the quality of care, increase accountability, facilitate public participation in health care,"([ 14], p.62, 15) impact societal and professional values and direct attention to issues not currently on the policy agenda [ 16- 18].
Gay Hannah, NCCA Executive Director echoed his views when she expressed the societal goal, and professional need, to shift from loss to the "dynamic potential of aging".
Changing paradigms and approaches to NCDs may challenge fundamental societal values and professional habits [ 59, 90].
Furthermore, opinions on appropriateness differ widely depending on whether an individual patient, family, healthcare professional, societal, or policy perspective is taken.
Scientists'/physicians' increased advantages include government-funded education, research grants, societal protection/licensing for professional careers, and "corners on the market" providing scientific/medical services.
Use of CCTA generally has been endorsed for low-to-intermediate risk individuals by professional societal appropriate-use criteria (19), whereas the use of CACS has been advocated for asymptomatic individuals (20).
