Two cost estimates are provided: NHS resources only, and a societal estimate which additionally values time lost from work or daily activities.
Table 1 shows base case health system and societal cost estimates for screening and 3 years of management in a system with Medicare fee-for-service reimbursement rates, with 70% specificity cutoffs, and assuming that false-negative costs (that could be prevented after detection of dysglycemia) amounted to 10% of 3-year medical costs.
About 6%% of the population aged 65 and older suffers from dementia, which represented 36 millions people worldwide in 2010 with a total societal cost estimated to be US$6044 billions.
An estimated 24 million Americans suffer from type 2 diabetes, with one-quarter of them unaware of their disease, incurring societal costs estimated at $174 billion annually (1).
Due to the likely low overall blindness prevalence as a result of URE, the current study includes visual impairment only, which reinforces the conservative nature of the societal benefit estimate.
The societal cost estimate is the sum of all the different kinds of costs i.e. direct medical + direct non-medical + indirect/productivity costs or patient/family costs + government costs.
One US-American study estimates societal costs related to reported cases of child abuse and neglect at USD 103.8 billion per year – without taking intangible costs into consideration [ 54].
It is also costly, both at a personal and societal level, with estimates of direct and indirect costs ranging from 0.4 % to 1.7%% of GDP, depending on the country and the econometric model used [ 2, 3].
The aim of this study was to compare the estimated societal costs of attending anticoagulation clinics for routine INR monitoring to using a POC test in the home.
The recent Eurolight project, a survey conducted in nine countries of the European Union, estimated societal losses attributable to all headache disorders (direct and indirect costs) at well over €100 billion per year [7], with more than 90% attributable to lost productivity.
