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The effectiveness of the spill-over and socialization effects was demonstrated in the European Union, where initial economic cooperation led to the Union transforming into one political entity willing to deepen its integration even further.
Study 1 suggested socialization effects mostly for younger youth.
Gradual integration can occur through the interrelated spill-over and socialization effects.
Our data stems from a longitudinal study on socialization effects in the transition from school to work in the German-speaking part of Switzerland (Neuenschwander and Nägele 2014).
Results from Study 2 also suggested longitudinal socialization effects, as well as peer selection effects; adolescents' NSSI was associated with increasing perceptions of their friends' engagement in depressive/self-injurious thoughts and behavior.
Results from both studies supported longitudinal peer socialization effects of friends' self-injurious behavior on adolescents' own NSSI for girls, but not for boys, even after controlling for depressive symptoms as a predictor.
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The socialization effect derives its logic from social constructivism suggesting for the mutually dependent and equal relationship between the agent and the structure just described in the preceding paragraph.
Conversely, in the Mediterranean countries, we also found evidence of a socialization effect linked to the persistent role of cultural traits acquired by parents in their country of origin and transmitted to their children.
We used multilevel modeling, and results supported a socialization effect for URM students: The aggregate PABs of their lab mates predicted the students' own initial PABs, as well as their subsequent experiences of interest and their motivation to pursue a career in science, even after controlling for individual-level PABs.
Whether or not the spill-over effect might set in in future, however, could depend on the other variable – the socialization effect.
Table 2 Federal world government Dimension Mechanisms Federal world government Federalism High politics External pressure Societal pressure Integration from above Neo-functionalism Low politics Spill-over effect Socialization effect Integration from below.
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