The WAYS measures eight coping factors: confrontive coping, distancing, self-controlling, seeking social support, accepting responsibility escape-avoidance, planful problem solving, and positive reappraisal.
A significant improvement in effortful coping was found for the Total score, together with applying strategies relating to confrontive, distancing, applying self-control, seeking social support, accepting responsibility, escape-avoidance, planful problem-solving and positive reappraisal.
Folkman and Lazarus describe eight coping processes: Confrontative coping, Distancing, Self-controlling, Seeking social support, Accepting responsibility, Escape avoidance, Planful problem solving and Positive reappraisal (see Instruments, Ways of Coping WOCC) for further detail) [ 31].
Table 4 Strength of the Spearman correlations between the dimensions of the CHIP and the Ways of Coping checklist CHIP family CHIP support CHIP medical Confrontation −.15 −.02.04 Distancing −.34* −.07.01 Self-control −.17 −.03 −.05 Social support −.03.06.19 Accepting responsibility −.13 −.02 −.04 Escape-avoidance −.28* −.06.02 Problem-solving.03.04.09 Positive reappraisal −.03 −.08.07 *p < .05.05
Architectural features (e.g., porches, stoops, windows, and buildings sitting along sidewalks just above street level) are theorized to facilitate social interactions and monitoring of behavior among residents, which in turn promote social capital (Frumkin et al. 2004; Leyden 2003), social support, and social responsibility (Jacobs 1961; Leccese and McCormick 2000; Leyden 2003).
The WAYS includes eight constructs, each with good internal consistency estimated by Conbach's alpha as follows: (1) confrontive coping, 0.70; (2) distancing, 0.61; (3) self-controlling, 0.70; (4) social support, 0.76; (5) accepting responsibility, 0.66; (6) escape avoidance, 0.72; (7) planful problem-solving, 0.68; and (8) positive reappraisal, 0.68 [ 56].
A trusting relationship with health professionals, sharing experiences with other women with diabetes, active social support, shared decision and responsibilities for diabetes management assisted the women to make a positive transition.
A trusting relationship with health professionals, sharing experiences with other women with T1DM, active social support, shared decision and responsibilities for diabetes management assisted the women to make a positive transition.
They are the following: confrontation (factor 1); distancing (factor 2); self-control (factor 3); social support (factor 4); accepting responsibility (factor 5); escape-avoidance (factor 6); problem-solving (factor 7); and positive reappraisal (factor 8).
Families utilize diverse strategies and at different levels, but the most used strategies almost always and most of the time are: escape and avoid (93%), positive re-evaluation and a strategy of problem-solving (79%), social support (43%) and responsibility acceptance (7%).
Whether it be watching the house while a family member was out of town or working the field, trading different food crops, babysitting or even sharing child-rearing responsibilities, this social support network was key to a smooth-functioning way-of-life.
