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In captivity, maximal instability results in a social overthrow, whereby the social hierarchy is disregarded by group members and severe aggression erupts [58].
Social groups at their maximum degree of instability are expected to respond to the instability via group fission or social overthrow.
Additionally, McCowan and colleagues [3] have shown that increased fragmentation in displacement networks was associated with higher levels of aggression and greater likelihood of severe aggressive social overthrow.
For example, the removal of two alpha females precipitated a social overthrow in two CNPRC groups within 4−10 days of their removal.
Thus, the sudden absence of a key adult female within an already unstable matriline or group may be a necessary perturbation to precipitate the sufficient degradation of alliance networks or the matrilineal hierarchy such that a social overthrow occurs.
In group 12, the alpha matriline average coefficient of relatedness was 0.14 (study group mean: r = 0.18), and social overthrow occurred 10 days following the removal of the alpha female (for pregnancy complications).
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Social overthrows in rhesus groups at the CNPRC follow this same pattern [58].
The social overthrows observed in two CNPRC groups (16 and 12) support this conclusion.
Social overthrows and fission events have been reported for captive and wild groups of macaques, and a common factor in several of these reports is the sudden absence or incapacitation of the alpha female [57], [59].
"I've never been a revolutionary, I never thought that the street, the social movement, could overthrow the established order," Mr. Hollande said.
For 20 Egyptian pounds ($3.36), a vendor in Cairo's Tahrir Square will sell you one showing a raised fist and the Facebook logo a reminder of how the protesters used social media to overthrow President Hosni Mubarak.Egypt has uncounted millions of small entrepreneurs.
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