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However, all fairy-wrens are socially monogamous with restricted opportunities for social mate choice since breeding vacancies arise rarely in these long-lived, year-round territorial species with low divorce rates (see [ 9] and Table 1).
Similarly, a study with house mice suggested that females seek extrapair matings with males that are more disparate at the MHC than their social mate (Potts et al., 1991).
This kind of behaviour gives male birds two reasons to rise early: to prevent their social mate from mating with another male, and perhaps to get a little bit on the side from some other male's social mate.
They usually stay close to their social mate, singing slowly on the side and following the mate while she is foraging or searching for a nesting site.
Researchers have found that between 10 and 40percentt of all bird chicks were fathered by males who were not the mother's social mate.
Females who participate in extra-pair fertilizations may incorporate better genes in their offspring than they could get with their social mate, but they are likely to receive less help with parental care from their social mates because of cheating.
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Wang and Lu [ 13] showed that even though the propensity of females to engage in extra-pair matings did not depend on the relatedness with the social mates, females nevertheless sought extra-pair copulations with males with whom they were more related to than their social mates.
In brief, in males, the net effect of experimentally elevated testosterone was decreased offspring production with social mates, and decreased survival, but higher overall fitness due to an increase in siring extra-pair offspring.
But how do early and late risers do with their social mates?
Having less sperm for out-of-season social mating means it wastes less.
The extra-pair fertilization rate nonetheless cannot be eliminated even if males are allowed to stay near their social mates during fertility risk period.
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