Considering social acquiescence responses, which prominently appear in East Asian countries (Smith 2004), the items in this sub-scale implicitly reveal whether teachers have applied inquiry learning in their classroom teaching processes, instead of explicitly asking them for self-evaluations.
First, the fact that parents were not directly queried about their stocks of social and economic capital and that student assessments of these were used as proxy measures opens our paper to criticisms of behavioral expectation bias, social desirability bias, or social acquiescence bias.
The structured self- and interviewer-administered questionnaires used in this study had certain limitations, with bias attributed to social desirability, acquiescence, and lack of recall frequently encountered, particularly in the younger age groups [ 39].
Structured, self-administered questionnaires as applied in this study have certain limitations with bias due to social desirability, acquiescence and lack of recall being frequently encountered, particularly in younger age groups [ 39].
We focus upon three general theories of response formulation (optimizing/satisficing, social desirability and acquiescence).
The social agreement, or acquiescence, extends to those who are disadvantaged by the hegemonic masculinity (15).
As a result, there are quite a few examples in the literature where patients' satisfaction ratings are suspect of social desirability or acquiescence responses bias [ 49, 53].
Those studies in which the only health outcomes reported were patient satisfaction ratings were also excluded because telehealth studies report almost uniformly high patient satisfaction, which is likely to be a positive bias due to social desirability and acquiescence[ 69].
Thus, despite understandable concerns of social desirability or acquiescence bias, changing responses towards vignettes may be considered a single, valid point along a causal pathway towards actual behaviour change.
Variance attributable to measurement method rather than the intended construct being measured has been well recognised in the psychological literature and includes biases such as social desirability and acquiescence bias [ 10].
8 There is a range of error sources in surveys, and effects such as social desirability bias, acquiescence bias and optimising/satisfying that might profoundly affect estimates based on surveys including cluster results.
