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Their alleged exposure to violence was considered so deleterious that they might have suffered "symptoms of post-traumatic stress".
I never guessed that they could be so deleterious.
In most cases, these genetic alterations are benign, or so deleterious that the lesion promotes the removal of the affected cell from the population.
Also our results suggest that effects of early acute rejection and impaired initial function might not be so deleterious in the late posttransplant period.
A third type of selection would act at the organismal level, after the formation of the zygote, during early development; mitochondria play a central role also in this phase, so deleterious mutations will be purged through the selective survival of fittest embryos.
Conversely, if the mutations are either neutral or so deleterious as to have negligible fixation probability, as suggested by the neutral theory of molecular evolution (Kimura 1968, 1983), then the substitution rate would be relatively independent of population size, with the greater number of mutations cancelling the decreased probability of fixation.
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So, while deleterious effects of particular alleles are masked, functionally advantageous mutations can arise.
The substitution rate u depends on the fitness difference σ so that deleterious mutations are suppressed while beneficial mutations fix with enhanced rates.
In a pleiotropically expressed regulatory protein like Msx, any change in the coding sequence has the potential to impact regulatory interactions in multiple temporal and spatial contexts, so any deleterious effect will be magnified.
Second, and in counterpoint, it is unlikely that the same allele will be sheltered for a number of successive generations, and so recessive deleterious mutations are less likely to escape selection for long.
Interestingly, the chromosome III engineering project used a leu2Δ strain and functional LEU2 as the marker gene for construction intermediates, so any deleterious readthrough effect at the native locus would not have been observed as leucine auxotrophy.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com