Furthermore, this study shows that future research in spine surgery should be very critical in the evaluation of a so called favorable outcome and weigh this against the disadvantages in robust double blind randomized trials.
In the literature this so called 'volume-outcome' association is widely established; hospitals that treat a larger volume of patients annually achieve better outcomes for conditions ranging from AIDS to cholecystectomies [ 3].
Therefore, while it is expected from doctors to obey the social contract, consistently ignoring their basic needs may lead to circumstances that then manifest in the form of so called undesired outcomes.
Some of these hindrances have been considered as a subject of study in the "disease mapping" framework, an epidemiological methodological approach used to describe and model geographical variation in disease risk and/or health outcomes, particularly the so called Shared Component Modelling (SCM), an extension of the most frequently used Besag, York and Mollié model (BYM) [ 12].
If only engineering judgment is employed in the process, the outcome can be prone to so called "user effects".
In recent years more evidence from other centres has been provided and the positive outcome was confirmed, also in so called refractory patients.
Our approach employs the frequency distribution pattern of the outcome in the derivation study (so called "derivation model").
So called factual issues, such as obesity prevalence and treatment outcome, have normative (moral) underpinnings.
The common visualizations used for the display of results and analysis outcomes are either trees or the, so called, heat maps.
However, it did not show so called "early tumor shrinkage" that is associated with long-term outcome in KRAS wild-type group-treated chemotherapy plus cetuximab [9].
4 Differences in outcomes may occur due to random variation (so called common-cause variation) or due to non-random/special cause variation.
