However, wild goats are not popular with foresters because they eat Norway and Sitka spruce in the winter, and will strip the bark of the smooth, broadleaf species.
While it is known that B. ovis LPS has a higher affinity for antimicrobial peptides than that of B. abortus, it is unknown whether differences in LPS structure compared to smooth Brucella species affect the interaction of B. ovis LPS with toll-like receptors of the innate immune system [56], [57].
Our results revealed no or only very limited antibody responses to infections by smooth Brucella species in Iberian wild ruminants (Table 2).
This decline, with longer persistence of antibodies to external antigens, is in agreement with our previous findings in human infections by smooth Brucella species (12 ).
Because of a shared O-chain on the lipopolysaccharides (LPS), humoral responses induced by some bacteria and notably Y. enterocolitica O 9 (Y09) are indistinguishable in iELISAs from those induced by smooth Brucella species.
We developed an iELISA using an antigen sharing the major common surface epitopes present in all smooth Brucella species [ 50, 51], allowing the diagnosis of infections induced by B. abortus, B. melitensis and B. suis.
American mycologist Rolf Singer transferred it to its current genus in 1938, but recognized the value of maintaining a distinction of the smooth-spored species, and so made L. giganteus the type species of section Aspropaxilli.
Similarly to L. angustifolus and L. albus, L. luteus is an 'Old World'-smooth seeded species.
By contrast, we have detected a reduced number of functional KRTAP genes and high percentage of KRTAP pseudogenes (74%) in dolphin (aquatic mammal), highlighting the much lower KRTAP gene requirement in this smooth-skinned species that only has a few hairs (bristle) at the rostrum.
A few species, Smooth Hammerhead and Frilled Shark may be vagrants, occurring infrequently off the British coast, with their main distribution ranges being outside British waters.
