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Despite a smooth landscape and gentle rain, the deep loamy soils of the open-field intensive arable crop-farming area known as the Pays de Caux in north-west France are subject to runoff and erosion every year.
When the organisms competed on a smooth landscape, the surviving organisms exhibited a mutation rate close to the optimal intermediate value.
In a manner consistent with our experimental results, a number of small populations on the rugged landscape, but not on the smooth landscape, obtain higher long-term fitness than even the most fit large populations.
To generate a smooth landscape, the newly created mutant is assigned a mutant neighbourhood which is identical to that of the ancestral strain, leading to a landscape with only a single global optimum.
Secondly, it reveals that variance in evolutionary response is increased for both small and large populations during adaptation on rugged adaptive landscapes relative to their behaviour on the smooth landscape.
On the contrary, selection for a specific sequence represents a smooth landscape where changes in the distance are strictly proportional to the mutation rate.
Similar(47)
The probability of an event with Δ substitutions scales as exp −cΔ) for smooth landscapes, and as exp −cΔ2) for rugged landscapes.
This display, several audience members remarked, highlights the similarities and differences in the way each artist showcases vivid color and jagged versus smooth landscapes captured from atypical points of view.
The conclusions highlight that first-improvement is globally more efficient to explore most landscapes, while best-improvement superiority is observed only on smooth landscapes and on some particular structured landscapes.
In this chapter, we illustrate that a high ratio between sediment discharge on hillslopes and in channels explains the formation of smooth landscapes with low channel densities and long response times.
Smooth landscapes only possess one fitness peak whereas rugged landscapes possess several ones, separated by fitness valleys.
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