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Current alternatives to smoking range from smokeless tobacco to the Swedish snuff-like product Snus, which is illegal in the UK.
Among sub-Saharan African youth, rates of smoking range from 1.4% in Zimbabwe and 1.5% in Nigeria to 34.4% in Cape Town, South Africa, which is cause for concern [ 8].
We included pregnant smokers aged 18 years or more with a gestational age of between nine and 20 weeks of amenorrhea who smoked at least five cigarettes a day and scored at least 5 on a motivational scale of quitting smoking (range 0-10).
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Uganda's Mulago national referral hospital in Kampala says 75% of the oral cancer patients it has treated had a history of tobacco use, with the number of years they had spent smoking ranging from two to 33, according to a 2008 study by Fredrick Musoke, an academic at Makerere University, Kampala.
The changes in the pre- and post-exposure breath CO concentrations with repeated smoking ranged from 7% to 23% and from 10%to15%5%, respectively, with half-hour intervals between cigarettes, and from 4%to11%1% and from 6%to8%8%, respectively, with hour intervals between cigarettes.
Among HSCT recipients, the estimated prevalence of lifetime smoking ranges from 22-62%, and current smoking ranges from 7-177-17%
Percentages of women who reported active smoking ranged from 3%% (Pakistan) to 18%% (Uruguay).
The confounding OR by smoking ranged from 1.07 to 1.28 among the participating countries.
The estimated RRs due to smoking ranged from 0.83 to 1.72 with wide CIs.
Rates of current smoking ranged from 43.3% in Moldova to 65.3% in Kazakhstan.
For example, the prevalence of smoking ranged from 3% in Morocco to 48% in Austria.
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