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Demographic data were collected by face-to-face interview and included age, sex, history of smoking, level of education, economic status, and type of cigarettes smoked.
After statistically adjusting for age, smoking, level of physical activity, intake of calcium and retinol and other factors, the association between vitamin D intake and reduced risk of pancreatic cancer was still significant.
Other potential effect modifiers, including gender, age, marital status, smoking, level of education, and socioeconomic status, were tested.
There is no evidence to suggest that acupuncture, hypnosis or homeopathy are efficacious in stopping smoking (level of evidence: A).
The smoking level of women in Korea is the lowest (4.6%) among many countries (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development 2009).
Finally, as in any observational study, concern remains about residual confounding, despite our controlling for smoking, level of education, physical activity and body mass index.
Similar(47)
Present lung cancer mortality is related to smoking levels of three to four decades ago.
A possible explanation is that ESR can be affected by multiple factors such as gender, age, temperature, smoking, levels of plasma proteins, and red blood cell factors [ 44].
It is increasingly recognised that men and women differ in relation to their reasons for smoking, levels of addiction to nicotine, and difficulties with cessation.
Seven factors with negative correlation (r < −0.50 and P < 0.05) included rates of joint replacement (hip and knee), obesity, smoking, levels of physical activity, levels of addictions, and percent of population over 50 years of age.
Additionally, we checked whether active smoking, levels of NT-proBNP > 80 pg/mL (de Lemos et al. 2003), and HbA1c > 6.5%, respectively, modified the effects of air pollution on blood parameters.
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