The questionnaire included 118 validated items on respiratory health, allergies, preferred job choices, smoking, environmental tobacco smoke exposure, jobs including holiday jobs and vocational training, environmental risk factors and chronic stress.
On the other hand, because we were unable to control for the type of cigarettes smoked, pipe and cigar smoking, environmental smoking exposure, residual confounding by smoking may still remain in the current study, albeit to a lesser extent.
Cigarette smoking, environmental tobacco smoke exposure, depression and intimate partner violence were the four risks targeted because of their adverse impact on pregnancy.
Next we adjusted for basic covariates [sex, age, body mass index (BMI), active smoking, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), occupational group, use of inhaled corticosteroids, atopy, asthma, and study (model 1)].
Furthermore, relevant potential respiratory health risk factors such as occupational exposure to dust, gases, vapours, wet conditions or extreme temperatures, smoking, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and level of education were included in the questionnaire.
Trained and certi-fied interviewers also collected information on age, ethnicity, sex, smoking, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), alcohol consumption status, occupation, education, family income, and family history of CHD.
The search keywords were "Korea", "Asia", "smoking", "tobacco smoking", "passive smoking", "secondhand smoke", "environmental tobacco smoke", "risk", and "cancer".
There are many reasons for these differences: biology, smoking rates, environmental exposures (eg radon), socioeconomics, insurance status, access to healthcare and quality of treatment provided.
Social aging, smoking, and environmental changes may play important roles in such trends.
Patients were also characterized at baseline with respect to comorbidities, smoking history, environmental tobacco exposures, socioeconomic status, regular exercise, and alcohol and medication intake.
Smoking, nutrition, exercise, environmental toxicity, stress -- none of these things were taken into account.
