So in the case of hardcore smokers, yes, it fucks up your tastebuds, but in many cases it's much more subtle than that.
Participants were asked to indicate if they were current smokers (yes vs. no) or past smokers (yes vs. no) on a questionnaire.
Additionally, more factors were investigated as covariates, including exposure to a factory or landfill nearby (<1000 meters, yes or no), cooking at home (yes or no), air ventilation (good, average or poor), and maternal smoking or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure (paternal smoker and/or other nearby smokers, yes or no).
Smokers: Yes, your resolution to quit last year lasted for an hour and a half.
The randomization was based on four parameters: age (30 39, 40 49, 50 59 years), gender (male, female), body mass index (BMI) (less than 25, 25 29.9, more than 30), and whether the patient was a smoker (yes or no).
Subsequently, multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to control for age at inclusion, differences in body-mass index (less than 20, 20 to 25, 25 to 30 and 30 or more), interval between delivery and inclusion, current smoker (yes or no), and chronic hypertension (yes or no).
In addition, we considered cohabitation with a smoker (yes, no).
These were age in years, sex, years of education, current cigarette smoker (yes vs. no), pack-years of smoking, and ethanol use (yes vs. no).
At each follow-up point smokers were asked: 'Are you currently a cigarette smoker?' (yes, no) and 'How many days has it been since you last smoked?'.
Smoking (never, former smoker, yes), leisure-time physical activity (<2, 2 4, >4 h/week) and body mass index (BMI; <18.5, 18.5 <25, 25 <30, ≥30) were included as categorical variables.
Health status and health behavior variables include overweight/obese (BMI ≥25 kg/m), current smoker (yes versus no), hypertensive status (yes versus no), cardiovascular disease history (yes versus no), self-reported health (excellent/very good/good versus fair/poor), and diabetes-related therapy and complications.
