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Four patients were smokers at the time of referral.
All male patients and 8/38 (21%) female patients were cigarette smokers at the time of primary tumor diagnosis (Table 1).
Overall, 163 women (16.4%) reported that they were smokers at the time of the baseline interview and 2.2% reported smoking one or more packs of cigarettes per day.
We identified 151 Caucasian individuals with multiple serrated polyps including at least 5 outside the rectum, and classified patients into non-smokers, current or former smokers at the time of initial diagnosis of polyposis.
We defined as nonsmokers those workers who said they were nonsmokers (never or former smokers) at the time of the interview and who had salivary cotinine concentrations <20 ng/ml, since exposure to SHS in hospitality workers can be high [40] as shown in previous research [10].
Patients were asked whether they were smokers at the time of recruitment ("current smoker").
Smoking was defined as current smokers at the time of examination.
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The large majority of study participants were non-smokers at the time of the urine collections.
However, the smokers were significantly younger than the ex- and never-smokers at the time of surgery.
Additionally, 545 couples in which both spouses were non-smokers at the time of marriage were also omitted from our analyses.
We have no data to validate the compliance of non-smokers at the time of surgery, neither have we information on smoking habits after surgery for all patients.
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