Tobacco smoking was categorized into five groups based on lifetime history of smoking: never smokers; pipe and/or cigar smokers; former cigarette smokers who had quit >15 years before diagnosis (or interview for controls); former cigarette smokers who had quit 1 15 years before diagnosis/interview; and current smokers who by definition included those who quit within 1 year of diagnosis/interview.
Magritte's enigmatic picture of a smoker's pipe, captioned "This is not a pipe", deserves pride of place at the mortgage lender's Newcastle head office.
Participants were classified as: never smokers; former cigarette smokers who quit smoking >15 years ago; former cigarette smokers who quit smoking 1 15 years ago; former smokers who quit within one year prior to diagnosis or to interview, and current cigarette smokers; and pipe and/or cigar smokers.
Compared with nondrinkers, participants who consumed >2 drinks per day were more likely to be male, non-Hispanic white, college graduates, former smokers, and pipe and/or cigar smokers.
The survey defined adolescents as 11 17 years old and tobacco users as smokers (cigarette, pipe, or cigar users) or smokeless tobacco (snuff or chew) users.
Smokers of pipes and cigars were classified separately.
Tobacco use by women is much lower, with 1.8% of females smoking in 2002 and 50% of female smokers smoking pipes.
The increased risk in smokers of pipes and cigars is evident in each location studied, though data for Asia are extremely sparse.
As seen in Additional file 5: Detailed Analysis Tables, a similar pattern is generally seen for other definitions of smoking status and product smoked, although data for smokers of pipes and/or cigars are very limited.
Results for the association between weekly alcohol consumption and pancreatic cancer were further stratified by smoking status–smokers (defined as cigarette, pipe, or cigar smokers and former smokers who quit <15 years prior to interview), versus non-smokers (defined as never smokers, or former smokers who quit ≥ 15 years prior to interview).
A typical pipe smoker, then, may require several pipes.
