Exact(1)
Maternal cigarette smoking was categorized as: never smoked (group 1, n=870), stopped on becoming pregnant (group 2, n=117), smoked less than 10 cigarettes/day (group 3, n=115), smoked 10 20 cigarettes/day (group 4, n=90) and smoked more than 20 cigarettes/day (group 5, n=26).
Similar(59)
Eighteen subjects in the smoking group smoked on a daily basis, 11 were social smokers (<3 days with smoking a week), one subjects was non-smoker.
Data expressed ± SEM.* P < 0.05 versus Sham group; † P < 0.05 versus Smoke group; # P < 0.05 versus PS group.
C57BL/6 and NZW mice were exposed to air (no-smoke group) or for 24 weeks in the chronic study (n = 6).
Sheep were randomly allocated into four groups: (1) Sham group, no injury (n = 6); (2) Smoke group, exposed to smoke inhalation (n = 6); (3) PS group, exposed to smoke inhalation and instilled with P. aeruginosa (2.5 × 1011 CFU) into the lungs by bronchoscope (n = 6); and (4) MRSA group, exposed to smoke inhalation and instilled with MRSA (2.5 × 1011 CFU) into the lungs by bronchoscope (n = 6).
Men were classified into four smoking groups (never smoked, long-term ex-smokers (>15 years), recent ex-smokers ( ≤ 15 years) and current smokers).
We acquired information on their smoking habits and classified the smokers (according to the number of pack-years smoked) into two groups: mild (group 1 [patients]: <40 pack-years) and heavy smokers (group 2 [patients]: >40 pack-years).
Consequently, multivariate analyses were conducted on data from all participants as one group and from those who had never smoked as another group.
Compared with individuals in the least disadvantaged group, those in the most disadvantaged group smoked about two cigarettes per day more, and among previous smokers, they were 5 6 years older when they quit (see online supplementary table S3).
Compared with women in social classes I + II who had never smoked (the group with lowest mortality), the adjusted relative mortality of smoking groups ranged from 1.795%5% confidence interval 1.3 to 2.3) to 4.2 (3.3 to 5.5).
Plasma nitrite/nitrate was unchanged in the Sham and Smoke groups compared with baseline values.
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