Descriptive statistics of sample characteristics, anthropometrics, lipid profiles, hypertension, and lifestyle habits (smoke, alcohol consumption) was performed.
It was shown as a valuable noninvasive biomarker of cigarette smoke daily consumption which passed through most validation studies.
These questionnaires further collected information on first-degree family history of heart attacks and stroke as well as health behaviors including exposures to cigarette smoke, alcohol consumption, and weekly physical activity level.
The researchers were able to account for other factors that affect blood pressure, including age, education, height, weight, physical activity, salt intake, medication use, smoking, secondhand smoke exposure, caffeine consumption, pregnancy, medical history, air temperature, season, and socioeconomic status.
A significant increase (P less than 0.0001) in matched RR was found with early age at first cigarette smoked, daily consumption, duration of smoking, frequency of inhalation, use of dark tobacco and use of nonfilter cigarettes.
Initial regression models were unadjusted; a subsequent model was adjusted for age, race-ethnicity, and sex, while a final multivariable model adjusted for age, race-ethnicity, sex, education, income, smoking, pack years smoked, alcohol consumption, body mass index, and C-reactive protein.
Self-reported education, BMI, smoking status, pack-years smoked, alcohol consumption amount, family history of any cancers, and cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure were not significantly associated with RTL.
Age, age-squared, cholesterol treatment, blood sugar, body mass index, smoking status, number of cigars smoked, alcohol consumption and sex were adjusted for transformed HDL-C.
To replace missing values for smoking status, number of cigarettes smoked, alcohol consumption, and body mass index we used multiple imputation using all predictors plus the outcome variable.
