60 smallholders and 50 slaves.
In addition to face-to-face interviews conducted with the 41 smallholders managing 84 cocoa plots, quadrats were established to evaluate the density of cocoa and forest trees to enable me to compare what farmers actually did with what they said they did.
We analyze the following ecosystem services: (1) timber production; (2) rattan collection; (3) jelutong resin collection; (4) rubber production (based on permanent agroforestry systems); (5) oil palm production on three management scales (company, plasma farmer, and independent smallholder); (6) paddy production; and (7) carbon sequestration.
These seven ES include (1) timber production; (2) rattan collection; (3) jelutong resin (Dyera costulata) collection; (4) rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) production (based on permanent agroforestry system); (5) oil palm production on three management scales (company, plasma farmer and independent smallholder); (6) upland paddy production; and (7) carbon sequestration.
Information was first gathered through focus group discussions (FGDs) that included individuals from 44 Chapra households, seven from the wealthiest households, nine from middle or intermediate households, and 28 from marginalized households (12 from smallholders and 16 from day-labourer households).
The 41 smallholders interviewed included 22 autochthons and 19 migrants.
Recognising that the planet is home to around 500 million smallholders – who support 2 billion people, account for 97% of global agricultural holdings, and produce food for almost 70% of the world's population – the report stresses the importance of "collaborative action" with smallholders to deliver food security, economic opportunity and environmental sustainability.
However, it is estimated that there are at least 12,700 smallholders irrigating more than 11,900 ha in the dry season around Kumasi [Metropolitan Assembly] alone, which is more than the area currently functioning under formal irrigation in the whole of the country".
Thus, from a sample population of 22,488 smallholders, a sample size of 100 households was drawn using the Nassiuma (2000) model.
In the Kenya's 2009 national population census, the sub-County has a rural population of 94,115, with both the KNBS1 and CRA2 2015 estimates being 105,879, out of whom 22,488 were smallholders distributed in each Ward as 6297 (Ilkerin); 5599 (Kapsasian), 4205 (Mogondo), and 6387 (Ololmasani).
