Deforested peatlands are generally converted to industrial and smallholder plantations including oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) and acacia (Acacia spp).
In each landscape, four land-use types were examined: lowland forest and rubber interspersed in naturally regenerating forest (referred here as "jungle rubber") as reference land uses and smallholder plantations of rubber and oil palm.
Hamzah said establishing a map for smallholder plantations — areas typicaly less than 25 hectares that don't require plantation permits — and unifying other land use maps would help with monitoring and enforcement.
Accessibility (by road, track, or river) appeared to be the most important factor when choosing the location of the few smallholder plantations seen in our study villages.
Smallholder plantations in this landscape are primarily fruit trees (orange, Citrus aurantium; pomelo, Citrus maxima; jackfruit, Artocarpus heterophyllus; mango, Mangifera indica) and trees linked to specific markets such as agarwood (Aquilaria crassna), teak (Tectona grandis), and rubber (Hevea brasiliensis).
Short cpDNA scaffolds are insufficient for unequivocal species-level identification, in particular in areas where reference data are lacking, although the presence of Theobroma cacao in Canopy is plausible as smallholder plantations are common in the sampling region.
The wide variety of these populations, as well as the existence of Guinean genotypes taken from smallholder plantations in the living collections in the Ivory Coast, further justify an in-depth study of this diversity group.
Its institutional setup allowed farmers to combine the advantages of smallholder and plantation agriculture by capitalizing on collective action.
Regarding smallholder issues, InPOP aims to reach 4.4 million hectares of smallholding plantations, which is almost a half of Indonesia's total oil palm plantation area (Salim 2014).
Formerly large scale farms have been converted into smallholder farms and plantation forests have gradually been lost.
