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In comparison with this model, the model in this study is able to resolve smaller velocity anomalies.
As compared to the rectangular microchannel with the same hydraulic diameter, the triangular microchannel exhibits smaller velocity increment ratio because of stronger viscous effect.
For example, compared with the C60 clusters consisted of 8C, 10C, 12C, or 14C, the thermophoretic force induces a much smaller velocity for the 16C60 cluster.
Due to the smaller velocity of nanoparticles compared with water, the nanoparticles mainly fall into the center of the two big vortexes in the left and right sides of the enclosure.
A difference in seismic velocity bigger than 0.9 km/s would mean that the layer has an earthquake generating capacity lesser than the seismogenic layer, as greatly happens in South China and Northwest China; while a smaller velocity difference would imply that the layer has a comparable seismogenic capacity, as happens in Tibet.
The following two cases would construct an S reflection with a travel time closer to the theoretical time: (1) the case of smaller velocity contrast at the top of the basement, which results in a larger gradient of differential travel time curves; and (2) the case of lower velocity in the top layer, which results in a smaller gradient of differential travel time.
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(a) Simulation results of model A2 including small-scale velocity heterogeneities.
By introducing small-scale velocity heterogeneities, long-duration coda waves were excited after the peak arrival of the trapped P waves compared with model A2 without small-scale velocity heterogeneities (Figures 8b and 9).
We also show how the trapped P waves are affected by small-scale velocity heterogeneities in the crust and mantle.
The parameters of small-scale velocity heterogeneities were referred from the Table four of Takemura and Yoshimoto (2014).
This trend applies on mean wind velocities larger than 5 m/s, as for smaller velocities the spread of values increases considerably.
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